Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a mental health disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts about real or imagined defects in one's appearance, which the individual perceives as much more significant than they actually are or even believes they do not exist at all. These thoughts cause significant stress, reduced quality of life, and disruption in social or professional activity.
The main signs of body dysmorphic disorder include:
Excessive attention to appearance — constant focus on a specific body part (e.g., face, skin, nose, hair, etc.).
Ritualistic behavior — frequent checking of one's appearance in the mirror, hiding "defects" with clothing, makeup, or other means.
Social isolation — avoidance of social interaction due to fear of criticism or judgment.
Obsessive comparison — constantly comparing one's appearance to others.
Seeking reassurance — frequent questions to family or friends about how one looks.
Causes of development:
Biological factors — imbalance of neurotransmitters, particularly serotonin.
Psychological trauma — bullying, criticism of appearance during childhood or adolescence.
Social influences — pressure from media and society that emphasize idealized beauty standards.
Phillips, K. A. (2009). Understanding Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An Essential Guide. Oxford University Press.
Veale, D., & Neziroglu, F. (2010). Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Treatment Manual. Wiley-Blackwell.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.