Military terrain analysis
The collection, analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of geographic information on the natural and man-made features of the terrain, combined with other relevant factors, to predict the effect of the terrain on military operations [Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, p.215].
Terrain analysis, an integral part of the intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB), plays a key role in any military operation. During peacetime, terrain analysts build extensive databases for each potential area of operations. They provide a base for all intelligence operations, tactical decisions, and operations. They also support the planning and execution of most other battlefield functions. Because terrain features continually change the earth’s surface, databases must be continuously revised and updated [Terrain Analysis, p.1].
The terrain is a permanent and important aspect of all military operations. The military study of the terrain is called ‘terrain analysis,’ and it is the responsibility of military engineers to maximize its effect on the army's tactical, operational, and strategic operations. Engineer officers are the commanders’ terrain experts with specific skills and knowledge. More than two thousand years ago, the importance of terrain analysis by military leaders was recognized. Sun Tzu advocated using local guides to take advantage of the face of the country. Terrain deals with all a given area's physical, cultural, and geographical features. The study of terrain has been an enduring combat responsibility for army engineers worldwide and throughout history. Military terrain analysis is a fundamental requirement for the successful planning of all military operations, regardless of whether this entails armed conflict or military operations other than war. Basic information about terrain does not equate to terrain analysis; such information has to be applied in the relevant context [Lodi, K. P., Smit, H. A. P., & Ayirebi, G. K, p.102-103].
Headquarters department of the army. (1990). Terrain Analysis. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Lodi, K. P., Smit, H. A. P., & Ayirebi, G. K. (2014). Terrain analysis in the course curricula of the south african army engineer corps. Scientia Militaria - South African Journal of Military Studies, 42(1), 102-103.